Jist\u00e1 americk\u00e1 studie se p\u0159ed p\u00e1r lety zam\u011b\u0159ila na v\u00edce ne\u017e 5600 d\u011btsk\u00fdch knih, kter\u00e9 vy\u0161ly ve 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u017eensk\u00fdmi hrdinkami se mu\u017ei \u010di chlapci v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bz\u00edch objevovali nebo byli jejich centr\u00e1ln\u00edmi postavami t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvakr\u00e1t tak \u010dasto. A\u017e \u010dtvrtina knih nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dnou \u017eenskou postavu a pouze v m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e p\u011btin\u011b z nich m\u011bly opisovan\u00e9 \u017eeny n\u011bjak\u00e9 zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00fdrazn\u011bji viditeln\u00e9 je toto nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed dokonce v knih\u00e1ch o zv\u00ed\u0159atech, kde se \u017eensk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch hrdinek objevuje je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e v d\u00edlech s lidsk\u00fdmi postavami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nejde v\u0161ak jen o kvantitu, ale tak\u00e9 kvalitu. \u017densk\u00e9 charaktery v knih\u00e1ch jsou \u010dasto pln\u00e9 stereotyp\u016f, vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 na okraj, nebo jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u201eploch\u00e9\u201c, bez snahy uk\u00e1zat jejich charakterovou barevnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Poh\u00e1dky pln\u00e9 stereotyp\u016f
B\u00edl\u00ed mu\u017ei. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ti hraj\u00ed prim v d\u011btsk\u00fdch poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch nebo v literatu\u0159e pro mlad\u00e9 publikum a maj\u00ed jak\u00e9si privilegovan\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Pro samotn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt kvalitn\u00edmi d\u00edly, to nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m, pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e a \u010dten\u00e1\u0159ky, kter\u00e9 pro\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti s knihami, v\u0161ak ano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u010ctej\u00ed o d\u00edvk\u00e1ch a \u017een\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed podobu princezen, vil \u010di \u010darod\u011bjnic, obvykle \u0159e\u0161\u00ed prvn\u00ed l\u00e1sky nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b pot\u00ed\u017ee, ze kter\u00fdch je \u201evysekaj\u00ed\u201c pr\u00e1v\u011b jejich chlapeck\u00e9 prot\u011bj\u0161ky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jist\u011b, existuje \u0159ada v\u00fdjimek, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad rom\u00e1ny Anna ze Zelen\u00e9ho domu, Jana Eyrov\u00e1, Matilda od autora Roalda Dahla, z t\u011bch nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch nap\u0159\u00edklad postava Hermiony Grangerov\u00e9 z Harryho Pottera nebo Tris Priorov\u00e9 ze s\u00e9rie Divergence, kter\u00e9 se vymykaj\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm p\u0159edstav\u00e1m o \u017eensk\u00fdch hrdink\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pokud i modern\u00ed literatura d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce prostoru \u017eensk\u00fdm postav\u00e1m, \u010dasto je nech\u00e1v\u00e1 za\u017e\u00edvat stereotypn\u00ed situace a ov\u011bn\u010duje je rodov\u011b stereotypn\u00edmi vlastnostmi. Ty jsou nep\u0159ekvapiv\u011b typick\u00e9 i pro tradi\u010dn\u00ed poh\u00e1dkov\u00e1 d\u00edla, se kter\u00fdmi se seznamuj\u00ed nejmen\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti ji\u017e ve \u0161kolka\u0159sk\u00e9m v\u011bku, ale i knihy, kter\u00e9 \u010dtou \u017e\u00e1ci v r\u00e1mci povinn\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed na \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak ni\u010d\u00edm neobvykl\u00fdm, \u017ee d\u00edvky vyr\u016fstaj\u00ed i na knih\u00e1ch o mu\u017esk\u00fdch kni\u017en\u00edch hrdinech, pro\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jejich p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy z jejich pohledu a nec\u00edt\u00ed p\u0159itom nic nepat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9ho. Naopak to u\u017e plat\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b. Kolik rodi\u010d\u016f by koupilo sv\u00fdm syn\u016fm nap\u0159\u00edklad rom\u00e1n Anna ze Zelen\u00e9ho domu? Knihy o d\u00edvk\u00e1ch jsou zkr\u00e1tka standardn\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1ny jako knihy pro d\u00edvky, co\u017e nen\u00ed zcela objektivn\u00ed pohled na v\u00fdb\u011br d\u011btsk\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jedn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je tedy to, \u017ee chlapci m\u00e1lo \u010dtou o \u017eensk\u00fdch hrdink\u00e1ch, druh\u00fdm to, \u017ee d\u00edvk\u00e1m chyb\u00ed hodnov\u011brn\u00e9 a re\u00e1ln\u00e9 \u017eensk\u00e9 kni\u017en\u00ed vzory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kniha o skute\u010dn\u00fdch hrdink\u00e1ch
Uk\u00e1zat mal\u00fdm \u010di dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm d\u00edvk\u00e1m siln\u00e9 \u017eensk\u00e9 vzory jim m\u016f\u017ee pomoci pochopit a poznat, \u010deho jsou samy schopny nebo co v\u0161echno je iv \u017eensk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Navzdory nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm statistik\u00e1m existuje st\u00e1le mno\u017estv\u00ed knih, kter\u00e9 p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o d\u00edv\u010d\u00edch, respektive \u017eensk\u00fdch kni\u017en\u00edch hrdink\u00e1ch bez p\u0159edpojatosti a jednotn\u00e9 \u0161ablony. Nav\u00edc nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jen u fiktivn\u00edch postav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V d\u011btsk\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch se jen m\u00e1lo zvykne mluvit o re\u00e1ln\u00fdch \u017een\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 n\u011b\u010deho v \u017eivot\u011b dos\u00e1hly, nyn\u00ed to v\u0161ak (zat\u00edm pouze v ciz\u00edm jazyce) zm\u011bnila kniha Goodnight Stories for Rebel Girls – Poh\u00e1dky na dobrou noc pro rebelky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jedn\u00e1 se o antologii d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch \u017een na\u0161\u00ed historie od astronautek, aktivistek, v\u011bdky\u0148, spisovatelek a\u017e po sportovkyn\u011b \u010di vl\u00e1dkyn\u011b. Mihnou se v n\u00ed jm\u00e9na jako Kleopatra, Mata Hari, Frida Kahlo, ale tak\u00e9 Virginia Woolfov\u00e1, sestry Serena a Venus Williamsov\u00e9 \u010di Malala Yousafzai. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh ka\u017ed\u00e9 z nich za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 slovy \u201eKde bylo tam bylo\u2026\u201c a jsou vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u011b jednoduch\u00fdm, pro d\u00edt\u011b srozumiteln\u00fdm jazykem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
U\u017e na \u00favod d\u00edlo klade ot\u00e1zku: \u201eCo kdy\u017e si princezna nevzala za mu\u017ee okouzluj\u00edc\u00edho prince, ale m\u00edsto toho se stala astronautkou nebo aktivistkou?\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Za kn\u00ed\u017ekou stoj\u00ed autorky Elena Favilli a Francesca Cavallo. Minul\u00fd rok se stala nejpodporovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm liter\u00e1rn\u00edm projektem na crowdfundingov\u00e9m port\u00e1lu Kickstarter, kdy\u017e na ni autorky vysb\u00edraly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 700 tis\u00edc dolar\u016f. Letos sv\u016fj rekord zlomili druh\u00fdm p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdm d\u00edlem Goodnight Stories for Rebel Girls 2, kter\u00fd lid\u00e9 podpo\u0159ili \u010d\u00e1stkou v\u00edce ne\u017e 860 tis\u00edc dolar\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chlapeck\u00e1 krize
Pokud jsou d\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i vystaveni r\u016fznorodosti a rozmanitosti v jak\u00e9mkoli m\u00e9diu v\u010detn\u011b knih, povzbuzuje je to ik vid\u011bn\u00ed sv\u011bta jako r\u016fznorod\u00e9ho. Ch\u00e1pou, \u017ee neexistuje jedin\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 norma mezi lidmi a \u017ee jinakost je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. D\u011btsk\u00e9 knihy jsou v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pouze po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm bodem, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 skv\u011blou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nav\u00edc to, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina knih preferuje mu\u017esk\u00e9 a chlapeck\u00e9 charaktery, nen\u00ed vinou chlapc\u016f. Do velk\u00e9 m\u00edry jde zejm\u00e9na o spole\u010densk\u00e9 \u010di kulturn\u00ed zvyky, d\u00edky nim\u017e se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1ha a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se iv mysl\u00edch lid\u00ed ukotv\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 genderov\u00e9 stereotypy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Neubli\u017euj\u00ed v\u0161ak jen \u017een\u00e1m. Nadm\u011brn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed chlapc\u016f v m\u00e9di\u00edch, kter\u00e9 je zobrazuj\u00ed jako vysoce hodnocen\u00e9, ale \u010dasto p\u0159ehnan\u011b maskulinn\u00ed postavy, m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt na sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed chlapc\u016f nezdrav\u00fd efekt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201eChlapci, kte\u0159\u00ed vyr\u016fstaj\u00ed tak, \u017ee se neust\u00e1le vid\u00ed jako st\u0159edobod pozornosti a n\u011bkdo mocn\u00fd pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, \u017ee jsou chlapci, \u010dasto b\u00edl\u00ed, jsou v mnoha ohledech v\u00e1\u017en\u011b po\u0161kozeni. Pro mnoh\u00e9 je \u0161okem, kdy\u017e se v\u011bci nevyv\u00edjej\u00ed t\u00edm sm\u011brem, jak jim bylo \u0159e\u010deno,\u201c zhodnotila pro Huffington Post spisovatelka a feministka Soraya Chemalyov\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zkreslen\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, kterou reprezentuj\u00ed m\u00e9dia, podle n\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k tomu, \u017ee se u chlapc\u016f posiluje neschopnost vc\u00edtit se do jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed a tak\u00e9 se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed jejich o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed od sebe sam\u00fdch v souvislosti s vlastnostmi, kter\u00e9 jim m\u00e9dia automaticky p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Jist\u00e1 americk\u00e1 studie se p\u0159ed p\u00e1r lety zam\u011b\u0159ila na v\u00edce ne\u017e 5600 d\u011btsk\u00fdch knih, kter\u00e9 vy\u0161ly ve 20. stolet\u00ed. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u017eensk\u00fdmi hrdinkami se mu\u017ei \u010di chlapci v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bz\u00edch objevovali nebo byli jejich centr\u00e1ln\u00edmi postavami t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvakr\u00e1t tak \u010dasto. A\u017e \u010dtvrtina knih nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dnou \u017eenskou postavu a pouze v m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2332,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[789],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2336","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-rodina"],"amp_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2336"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2336\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2336"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2336"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskodnes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}